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Energy Simulation of buildings is a practice of evaluating the energy use of a building through simulating and accounting for all the energy related issues and components. All buildings that have significant utility or energy use benefit from energy modeling. Not all energy efficient equipment or practices fit all situations. Analysis through energy calculations is a useful way to predict savings and calculate payback. Care should be taken to find the most worthwhile savings created in exchange for the typically higher up-front cost and effort.




Purpose
The goal of energy simulation of buildings is to accurately predict the energy use of a building to either test the energy performance of the building with regards to an established standard, or to compare and contrast two buildings in order to find the resulting energy savings.

Key Simulation Inputs and Assumption

A model is usually an attempt to simulate the energy operation of a yet un-built project. As such, many unknowns about that building must be estimated for the model. Literally hundreds of inputs will need to be entered to build a model. Some user-friendly programs have built-in industry standard defaults that speed up early model creation. The responsibility for the accuracy of these inputs resides with different team members.

A typical set of modeling inputs might include the following.

Location



Climate data

Envelope



Architectural drawing	Construction envelope	Orientation



U factor	G value	Transmittance


Infiltration

Internal Gains



Lighting	Equipments Plug load	Sensible and latent (moisture) loads from people

Systems



Heating system type, including the source, distribution, and terminal units	Cooling system type, including the source, distribution, and terminal units	Ventilation system type



Fan and pump inputs	Heat recovery systems	Domestic hot-water system


Renewable-energy systems


Schedules:


Lighting schedules; Equipment Plug-load schedules; HVAC system schedules; Ventilation schedules; and Occupancy schedules.



Simulation Outputs:

Weather Variables:
Dry-bulb temperature Wet-bulb temperature: External dew-point temperature: Wind direction: Wind speed Direct radiation: Diffuse radiation: Global radiation: Solar altitude: Solar azimuth: Irradiance Cloud cover: Atmospheric pressure: External relative humidity: External moisture content

Loads
Room heating plant sensible load Room humidification plant load System air heating load Auxiliary Vent heating load Boilers load Room cooling plant sensible load Room dehumidification. plant load System air sensible cooling load System air latent. Cooling. load Auxiliary ventilation sensible cooling load Auxiliary ventilation latent. Cooling. load Chillers load DHW heating demand DHW boiler load DHW solar input CHP heat generator

Energy Consumption
Boiler’s energy consumptionRoom humidification plant load Boiler’s Pump energy consumption Chiller’s Energy consumption Chiller’s Heat Rejection Pump energy consumption System’s Fans and Pumps energy consumption DWH & solar heating pump energy consumption

CO2 emissions produced by energy consumption
Boiler’s CO2 emissions Boiler’s Pump CO2 emissions Chiller’s Energy consumption Chiller’s Heat Rejection Pump CO2 emissions System’s Fans and Pumps CO2 emissions DWH & solar heating pump CO2 emissions

Room Variables
Air temperature Dry resultant temperature Environmental temperature Mean radiant temperature Dew-point temperature People dissatisfied Predicted mean vote Comfort index Relative humidity Moisture content Room CO2 concentration Space conditioning sensible Steady state heating plant load Internal gain Solar gain External conduction gain Internal conduction gain Conduction gain Air system input sensible Aux vent gain Natural vent gain Infiltration gain External ventilation gain Internal ventilation gain System air supply Natural vent Space conditioning Humidification plant load Dehumidification plant load Cooling + dehum plant load Equipment latent gain People latent gainNumber of people DHW heating demand Air system input Ventilation/infiltration. latent gain Convective room plant load Convective lighting gain Convective equipment gain Convective people gain

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